Sound attenuating device



.March 30, 1937. R. B BOURNE 2,075,265

SOUND ATTENUATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 9, 1955 4 Sheets-Sheet l ATTORNEYS March 30, 1937. l* R. B BOURNE 2,075,265

SOUND ATTENUATING DEVICE A'Filed Aug. 9, 1955 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 ff. gif-f2 TTORNEYS Marh 30, 1937. R', B. BQURNE 2,075,265

SOUND ATTENUATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 9, 1935 4 Smets-Sheet 3 March 30, 1937. R. B. BOURNE 2,075,265

SOUND ATTENUATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 9, 1935 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 l l l 4 INVENTOR BY 50M/y0 .Z300/wf ATTORNEYS Patented Mar.- 30,' 1937 UNITED ASTATES PATENT OFFICE kSOUND ATTENUATING DEVICE Application August 9,

13 Claims.

The present invention relates to sound attenuating devices, such as are used for example in silencing noisy vengine exhausts and the like. Such silencing devices make use of i so-called sidebrancheawhich are acoustically coupled to a main sound conducting channel to produce attenuation of sound waves therein, either by a relatively direct interaction between the channel and the sidebranch, or by ythe somewhat more complex action of a Wave filter where a plurality of sidebranches are spaced apart along the main channel by distances bearing a definite relation to the major sound waves to be attenuated.

I have discovered that a. very material saving of space in commercial silencer construction can be obtained by folding the sidebranch back upon itself one or more times, the successively folded portions being generally coaxial and of progressively increasing or decreasing diameter. The invention finds use primarily in so-called linear sidebranches, which by reason of their length being material in proportion to the wave length of the particular sound waves under consideration possess attenuating properties which are 5 functions of the length of the sidebranch rather than its volume. In particular the utility of the invention will be especially marked in the case of a linear sidebranchl closed at'its end and folded upon itself in such a manner as to retain o substantially the linear characteristics of a sidebranch of the same total overall length; although some of the structural advantages of the invention may be applied to lsidebranches of the compound resonator type, where two or more sepa- 5 rately acting resonators are connected in series by a restricted conducting passage. Acoustically these two types of sidebranch are wholly distinct, butin the manner in which spat.: in construction is saved the inventionpresents features af- .;g fecting both types.

sidebranches folded on themselves in such a way that they preserve the characteristics of a single resonator of the same total length will be yreferred to throughout this specification as reiiexed sidebranches. Careful tests with such sidebranches show that it is readily practicable toy calculate their acoustic properties in substantially the same manner as though they were not reflexed, provided that proper care is given to .3J the design of the sidebranch at the point where reflexing occurs so that the device is not converted into a compound resonator. Reilexed linear acoustic sidebranches are substantially as effective in attenuating pertinent sound fre- 55 qucncies in a main acoustic channel to which the 1935, serial No. 35,428

sidebranch is acoustically coupled as are nonreilexed sidebranches of the same frequency characteristics.

One main advantage of a reflex linear sidebranch is seen to be in the saving in length. In cases where a limited space is available for installation purposes, the use of reiiexed sidebranches permits the attenuation of lower frequencies than would otherwise be possible. For a sidebranch reilexed once, the saving in length is substantially fifty percent. The cross sectional area ofthe refiexed sidebranch is generally made Ythe same as that of a non-reflexed sidebranch in order to secure the same acoustic properties. Since the reflexing is done coaxially this results in a. greater overall diameter for the silencer; but the diameters of silencers employing linear sidebranches are usually relatively small so that this offers no serious objection.

Furthermore, the diameter is not increased in the same proportion as the length is decreased, since the areas ofthe passages are functions of the squares of their diameters. I have found that it is desirable to make the cross sectional area of the reflexed sidebranch a function of the length of the sidebranch in the same manner as in the case of a. non-reflexed sidebranch of the same acoustic properties. This applies to tapered sidebranches as well as to those of unifonn cross sectional area. Slight variations of the form of the sidebranch from What would be "given by a strict adherence to theory are of relatively slight importance.

Reiiexed sidebranches may be used in conjunction with an associated main channel to form any type of selective acoustic device that can be formed with non-reflexed linear sidebranches. They may be used in connection with other kinds of sidebranches and with folded or reflexed main channels. Two reflexed sidebranches may be disposed in parallel or one nonrefiexed sidebranch may be disposed in parallel with a reilexed sidebranch.- Other advantages and applications are disclosed as the specification proceeds or will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.

Referring to the drawings,

Figs. l to 6 inclusive are diagrammatic views showing the application of the invention to closed reflexed linear sidebranches of uniform f cross sectional area;

Figs. 'I to 10 inclusive are diagrammatic views showing the application of the invention to closed reflexedlinear sidebranches of non-uniform cross sectional area;

Figs. 11 and 12 are similar views mowing the application of the invention to combinations of closed reexed linear sidebranches partly of uniform and partly oi non-uniform cross sectional area;

Fig. 13 is a similar view showing the application of certain features of the invention to compound resonators;

Figs. li to 16 inclusive are similar views showing further applications of the invention to combinations of refiexed linear sidebranches partly of uniform and partly oi non-uniform cross sectional area; and

Fig. l'? is a View showing the combination of l5 reexed sidebranches with a refiexed main channel;

Fig. 18 is a similar View showing a sidebranch which has been refiexed three times; and

Figs. 19 to'2l inclusive are graphs showing the 20 frequency vs. attenuation character'mtics of certain of the embodiments oi the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, the term casing as used herein includes an inlet opening vand an outlet opening in the respective ends thereof.

The embodiments of the invention herein shown are largely schematic and all are shown as employing circular cross sections. The inlet and outlet connections may be pipe flanges, sleeves or any other suitable arrangement :for connecting the device to a; conduit wherein sound waves may occur.

in a reexed sidebranch which is functioning linearly the sound wave encounters no changes in acoustic impedance which are not functions of the distance along the sidebranch from its point of coupling to the main channel. In this way thev acoustic operation of the reiexed sidebranches which form the subject of the present invention is distinguished from the action of compound 40 resonators, in which two or more sidebranches are coupledin series to the main channel. The separate sidebranches of a compound resonator are connected by an acoustic element of relatively low conductivity, the sound wave encountering at the connecting zone a relatively sudden change of impedance which is no longer a function of the distance from the point of coupling to the main channel. structurally some cf the features of the present invention may find'use in the application of compound .resonators as silencing devices, but the acoustic operation of thestructural features when arranged to function i as a single relexed sidebranch is wholly distinct from what it would oe when arranged to function as two or more separate sidebranches in series o1,'in other words, a compound resonator. The difference in action may be produced by a relatively slight structural change, such as substituting a restricted conductivity for the evenness of the cross sectional area preserved throughout the reflexed portion of the reflexed main channel; but acoustically it results in entirely different eiiects.

In Fig. l is shown a simple. embodiment of the invention comprising a casing 3U and an interiorly disposed composite member cooperating to form an annular main conducting channel 3l which merges into tubular form at the ends of the device. The interiorly disposed member comprises an outer shell 32 coaxial Vwith the casing, an inner coaxial shell 33, and headers 34 and 35 closing the space between the shells 32 and 33 and the end of the shell 32 respectively. The shell 33 does not extend up to the header 35, thus leaving a circumferential opening 35. The

interiorly disposed composite member as describedforms a closed linear acoustic sidebranch, of an acoustic length L as shown by the arrow in the drawings. It will be seen that one end of the interior of the shell 33 is open to the main sound conducting channel, and that the sidebranch extends away from this point of coupling through the tubular psage 31, the circumferential opening 36, and the annular passage 38. In order to assure that the device will function as if constructed with a single sidebranch lthe cross sectional area of the sidebranch is maintained uniform throughout its length, including Since the area oi the an the refiexing zone. nular passage 38 is equal to where Di is the diameterof the shell 33 and D2 is the diameter of the shell 32, it can readily be calculated that in order to preserve uniformity of cross sectional area between the passages 3l and 38 D2 must be equal to The circumferential opening 3S .must also be kept equal in area to the remainder of the reiiexed passage of which it forms a part. By similar reasoning it can be calculated that to obtain this condition the length of this opening must be equal to one-fourth of the diameter of the shell 33. A sidebranch so proportioned and reflexen offers maximum attenuation to sound frequencies given by the relation wL ;E--O.5, 1.5, 2.5, etc. (l) where f :frequency of the sound wave,

C=velocity of sound in the medium L=acoustic length of reflexed sidebranch as indicated in the drawing.

The above equation is identical with that applicable to a plain, non-reiiexed cylindrical sidebranch closed at its far end and of acoustic length L.

Fig. 2 shows a somewhat similar embodiment of the invention. It comprises a casing MJ and two interiorly disposed and nested cylinders H and 42 each closed at one end and positioned with the open end of thesmaller cylinder adjacent the closed end of the larger but spaced therefrom so as to present a circumferential opening 43. This embodiment presents a sidebranch of length L having its coupling to the :nain channel through an annular portion 45 of the sidebranch. From the point of coupling the sidebranch comprises the annular passage 46, the cylindrical opening 43, and the tubular passage 47 closed at its far end. In this and other cases the headers are made of suincient rigidity so that on the one hand they will not transmit appreciablesound energy through them'; and on the other hand they will offer a substantially rigid reecting surface, particularly at the point Where the sidebranch is reflexed, as is the case with the header 49 which closes the end of the cylinderl. In this case, as in that described previously, the passages'llix` and 47 and the circumferential opening 43 are all of the same cross sectional area. The main channel 50 is formed between the casing iii and the cylinder 4l and as in the former case is annular in its middle portion.

Cal

tion between the passages 60 and 61 which in the Fig. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention in a simple form, the main channel l2 in this case extending lcentrally in a straight line through the enclosing casing 66. 'Ihe reiiexed sidebranch is formed by the casing 66, the conduit 54 which defines the main channel, and a cylindrical partition 55 which is attached to one header 56 of. the casing and is spaced from the other header51 to provide a circumferential opening 56. Coupling of the sidebranch to the main channel is in this case accomplished by the circumferential opening 6'9 between the conduit Il and the header 66. In yorder to preserve the characteristics of the device as a single sidebranch the cross sectional areas of the passages 66 and 6I and of the circumferential opening 66 are all kept sub-- stantially equal. It is also preferable that the cross sectional area of the sidebranch be substantially greater than the area of the main channel, usually four times as great, this requirement being generally followed in the examples given although it is of particular importance in certain cases to be described where the sidebranches are` arranged in such a way as to form an acoustic iilter. Using these requirements it can readily'be calculated by a process oi reasoning similar to that previously used that the subscripts denoting the elements of which the diameters are being taken.

-1 The theoretical and actual performances of a and that device built in accordance with Fig. 3 are shown in Fig. 19. In that figure curve A is plotted from the attenuation vs. frequency characteristics of this device, the reiiexed sidebranch being considered as a. straight sidebranch of length L and the ratio of areas of the sidebranch to the main channel being four to. one. The equation from which the plot is made is Ndb=l0 log 1+4 tan (2) values is striking, and shows denitely that the refiexed sidebranch does in fact act like a nonrefiexed one of the same acoustic length. Curve B further shows that there is no acoustic reflection from the reexing point 51, and that no appreciable loss of eillciency occurs by reason of the reiiexing. The net result is that with no appreciable change in acoustic properties the overall length of the device has been cut approximately in half with but slight increase in diameter.

At this point the distinction between the utilization of the structural features of the invention to produce a reflexed sidebranch and the utilization of these features to produce a compound resonator can be shown with relation to Fig. 19. Curve C of this figure is plotted from experimentally determined data on a silencing device illustrated in Fig. i3. This device is structurally the same as that shown in Fig. 3, and the parts are therefore indicated by primed numerals. The only change that has been made is in the connecembodiment of Fig. 3 were connected. to form a single continuous sidebranch by a circumferential opening 66 having the same area as the passages. In Fig. 13 the partition 65' is continued to the header l1 and one or more relatively small holes 62 are formed in it. The acoustic result of this change is to separate the passages 66' and 6|' by a relatively abrupt change of cross sectional area, so that sound waves passing along them will encounter a similarlyabrupt change in acoustic impedance. As will be seen from a comparison of curves B and C of Fig. 19 the change in the performance of the-device is marked. The differencek in performance perhaps is most graphically shown by a comparison of the peaks of greatest attenuation. With the reiiexed sidebranch of Fig. 3, as would be the case with a single straight closed sidebranch of length L, these peaks come at JL T6-0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, etc. (3)

With the compound resonator shown in Fig. 13 the peaks come at g=o.3o3, 1.21, 3.34, 6:15, 7.68, 8.9, etc.

y 'KC (4) the exact locationv of the peaks being of course variable in accordance with the area of the couplingl holes 62. A complete closure of the coupling holes, resulting in a single sidebranch of length L/2, will give peaks at %=1, 3, 5, 7, etc.

These several results show clearly that the re- -ilexing of the sidebranch produces merely a single sidebranch of the same total acoustic length, while the refolding of two series connected sidebranches one over the other produces a wholly different effect. As has been stated above, the physical features of the invention may have advantageous results in various acoustic environments, but it is important to realize that the reflexing of a sidebranch, in the sense in which that word is used here, does not make two series connected sidebranches out of it.

Another application of reilexed sidebranches is shown in Fig. 4. It comprises the generally cylindrical casing 65 and an interiorly, coaxially disposed unit comprising a. cylindrical shell 66. closed at both ends by headers 61, 61', and an inner cylindrical shell 68, having a transverse header 66 positioned at a point intermediate its length. There is thus formed an annular main channel 10 between the casing 65 and the shell 66, and a pair of closed, reexed'sidebranches in parallel, acoustically coupled to the main channel 10 through a slot-like opening 1I in the cylinder 66 and positioned opposite the interiorly disposed header 69. One of this pair of sidebranches comprises an annular chamber 12, a passage 13 between one end of the cylinder 68 and the header 61, and a cylindrical passage 14; while the other of said pair comprises an annular channel 15, a passage 16 between the other end of said cylinder 66 and the header 61', and a cylindrical passage 11. It will be seen that there exists in this embodiment two closed reflexed linear acoustic sidebranches coupled in parallel to a main sound conduit. The relative lengths of these sidebranches are governed by the position of the opening 1I and the header 69. The

acoustic performance of this device is substan- CII Cil

r straight through the device.

tially identical with that of a corresponding device having non-reexed sidebranches.

Fig. 5 shows a further application of the principles of the invention, particularly as shown in Fig. 4, whereby may be formed an acoustic wave filter having pairs or unequal sidebranches acoustically coupled to a main sound conduit at intervals along its length. 'it comprises a cylindrical casing 8U and an interiorly disposed cylindrical shell 8i, closed at both ends by headers 82, t2 respectively and divided into two equal compartments by the transverse header 33. Within each of said compartments are nested coaxially disposed cylinders 84, 85 respectively, said cylinders having transverse headers 86, 31, respectiveh7 whereby are formed two pairs of reiiexed sidebranches d3, 89 and 9B, QI substantialiy after the manner described in connection with Fig. 4. One of these pairs of sidebranches communicates with the annular main channel 92 through the opening 93 and the other through the opening 9d. This construction is particularly adapted to services where the interior of the device may be i'looded with water, as in submarine service. By having one or both of the end connections eccentric as at 95, and by installing the device in a horizontal position, it is readily seen that the entire device is self-draining, without recourse to special drain plugs and the like.

Fig. o' shows an embodiment of the invention acoustically very similar to that of Fig. 5, except that the main conducting channel 96 extends The two pairs of reflexed sidebranches 91, 98 and 99, Iil communicate with said channel 9S through the respective openings I ill |532 in the centrally disposed conduit i3 by which the main channel is formed.

The embodiments thus far described all employ reflexed sidebranches having cross sectional areas uniform throughout their lengths. The principle of reflexing is likewise applicable to closed linear sidebranches Whose areas change as a function of distance along their lengths. For instance, a complete closed circular cone with open base has many useful acoustic properties, as has been described in my Patent No. 2,017,- 744, granted October l5, 1935. One disadvantage in using conical sidebranches comes from the fact that they are substantially half a wave length long for their fundamental response frequency, as compared to a closed. cylinder which is only one fourth wave long for its fundamental irequency, and therefore require a longer physical structure to attenuate the same sound frequency. The fact that the conical sidebranch responds to a full integral series of overtones is, however, of great acoustic importance. I have found that the acoustic properties of such a sidebranch are in no wise materially altered by reflexing while the length can be shortened in the same way as a cylindrical sidebranch.

Fig. 7 shows a simple application of a reiexed conical sidebranch. It comprises a cylindrical casing H35, an interiorly and coaxially disposed conical member I closed at its small end by a transverse header ll and an inner complete cone it. The various members are so proportioned that the cross-sectional area of the sidebranch so formed varies with distance from the coupling zone IUS at the base of the cone to the apex substantially after. the manner for a true cone. For example, the annular opening l I0, the peripheral opening SII, and the open end I|2 of the cone |08 are each substantially equal to one-fourth of the area of the opening IM. The

' above described reflexted conical sidebranch is A closed conical sidebranch may be reiiexed more than once without jeopardizing its operation acoustically. Figure 8 shows an embodi.- ment of the invention employing an acoustic conical sidebranch reiiexed twice along its length. It comprises a casing H5, and an interiorly disposed sidebranch unit made up of a conical member IIS closed at its smaller end by the transverse header II'l, aconical member H8 nested within the member llt and closed at its smaller end by the transverse header lill, and a conical member |29 nested within the member H1B. These three members are so proportioned that the acoustic passage along the sidebranch suffers a progressive change in cross sectional areal after the manner of a simple true circular cone but with no abrupt changes due to the folded construction. The cross section areas at the points or" refiexure i2|, |22 are made according to the area a true cone would have at the corresponding distance from the open end. It will be seen that the sidebranch is coupled to the main channel |23 through an annular opening |24. The acoustic performance of such a sideranch is very closely equivalent to that of a corresponding simple non-reflexed cone.

Fig. 9 shows an end-pipe silencer suitable for intakes where no further piping beyond the silencer is used and is particularly adapted to attenuating simple noises largely made up of a series of harmonically related overtones. It comprises a pipe 125 to which is adjustably aflixed a transverse header I 23 carrying a short cylindrical member |21 affixed at one end to the header, and having attached to its other end' the single reiiexed conical sidebranch |28. The cylinder |21 extends a short distance beyond the inner end of the centrally disposed conduit |25 and the reflexed conical sidebranch properly begins at the region'denoted by the junction zone |29 between said cylinder |21 and the conical section |28. The main channel comprises the interior of the conduit |25, a portion of the interior of member I 21 between the end of the pipe |25 and the zone |29, the annular space between the members 125 and 21, and a suitable opening or series of openings |30 in said cylinder |21 and located adjacent the header |26. This sidebranch is coupled to the aforementioned main channel at a point where the latter is refiexed after the manner described in my copending application Serial No. 14,370; The openings it) might be placed in the header |26 without changing the action in any Way. By making the header l 2E adjustable along the length of the pipe .|25 it is possible to tune this sidebranch to existing noises within certain limits by varying the length of the interior of the cylinder l21 adjacent the zone |29 which acts as a part of the sidebranch.

Fig. 10 shows an embodiment of the invention wherein use is made of two relexed conical sidebranches acoustically coupled to a main sound conducting channel at spaced points along its length. It comprises a cylindrical casing |35,

and two coaxially and interiorly disposed reflexed conical sidebranches |39, |31 respectively, each having a common transverse header |38. By making the respective acoustic lengths La and La equal, there results an acoustic wave lter which operates in accordance with the following:

wherein L1=the length of the'main channel between sections I Sz=the cross sectional area at the entrance to the sidebranches S1 =the cross sectional area of the main channel The transverse header |30, being of lessdiameter than the open bases of the cones, produces a con- .y tracted space around the cones which, in this |39. Series resonance in sound attenuating devices is likely to result in reduced attenuation peaks especially if the resonant frequencies occur at or near the resonant frequencies of the sidebranches. The actual acoustic performance of a device built in accordan with Fig. 10 is shown in Fig. 20. The amount of soundabsorbing maaerial used was small although its effect becomes increasingly important with higher frequencies as is shown by the increased minima in the dips of. the curve. The important fact to be noted in this curve is that the attenuation peaks occur at 5 values of l equal substantially to -1, 2, 3, etc. A solution of Equation 7 shows that maximum attenuation oc- 50 curs at points slightly below those above referred to, the difference becoming less as the term L als C becomes smaller. The slope of the low frequency side of. the attenuation peaks is less thanthe slope of the high frequency side due to the fact that the length of the main channel Lr is slightly 6o greater than the acoustic length of the sidebranches.

Fig. 1l shows how a reilexed linear sidebranch of uniform cross sectional area may be employed in connection with a-reflexed sidebranch of non- 65 uniform cross sectional area to obtain desirable mechanical and acoustic characteristics. A cylindrical casing |49 contains a reflexed conical sidebranch |46 and-a reflexed cylindrical sidebranch |41. The transverse header |48 common 70 t`o both sidebranches is of such a diameter that the necessary area relations as previously pointed out are preserved in both the conical sidebranch |49 and the cylindrical sidebranch |41. The maximum cross sectional area of the conical side- 75 branch, for this disposition, is twice the constant haust silencer.

cross sectional area of the cylindrical sidebranch. Attenuation peaks occur at values of vention wherein a cylindrical casing |55 contains a reexed conical sidebranch |59 and a nonreiiexed cylindrical sidebranch |51 positioned as shown and forming a main sound conducting channel |58 through the device. The advantage of this embodiment over that shown in Fig. 11 lies in the fact that the cross sectional area o f the closed cylindrical sidebranch |91 is equal in value to that of the conical sidebranch |59. As is well known in the art, increasing the area of a sidebranch with respect to the area of the sound conduit to which the branch is acoustically coupled results in greater attenuation over a wider band of sound. frequencies. Additional volumetric sidebranches |99 and |90 may be added if desired to increase the overall attenuation.

Fig. 14 shows how the principle of the invention may be applied to a spark catcher type of ex- The device comprises a `cylindrical casing |99 having a top header |99 with a suitable outlet connection |91 and a bottom header |98 with an eccentrically disposed inlet connection |99. An intermediate header. |10 having a centrally disposed opening |1| therein supports an upwardly extending centrally dis'- posed tubular conduit |12. Said conduit |12 extends to a point in adjacency to the header |99 leaving a'slot-like opening |13 which gives access f A to the rellexed acoustic sidebranch |14 of acoustic length L. Depending downward from the interior transverse header |10 is a cylinder |19 at the lower end of which and mounted exterior thereof are helical vanes |19 of a well known type designed to'impart a whirling motion to the gases, the outside of which supports a short cylindrical member 11 extending down a short distance below said spinner assembly. A reflexedl conical sidebranch |18 extends from the-bottom of the cylinder |11 to the bottom header |60, the latter in thisl case forming the reexing point. The acoustic length of the sidebranch |13 is generally made equal to that of sidebranch |14. "Ihe operation of the device is as follows. The exhaust gas bearing objectionable sound waves enters the device through the`bottom inlet |99, passes upward around the outside of the conical sidebranch |13, is deflected downward by the transverse partitlon |10 through the spinner assembly |19,v

thence passes upward through the enlarged` channel |19 formed by the cylinder |15, thence through the opening |1| into the' channel |90 formed by the tubular conduit |12 and so on out through th outlet opening |91. The sound waves suffer attenuation due to the reexed conical sidebranch |13 and the reexed cylindrical sidebranch |14 which, it will be' seen, are spaced apart along the main conducting channel. The entrained dirt, sparks, etc. are thrown out of the gas stream by being downwardly directed by the spinner assembly |19 into the sidebranch |18 from whence they may be removed through a suitable handhole l8l.

Fig. 15 shows a further modiication of the invention employing three reflexed sidebranches. This embodiment is particularly useful in cases where the length is of importance. Attenuation is provided for three sets of integrally related sound frequencies and no sound frequency can pass through the device without suffering substantial attenuation. It comprises a casing ISE having end headers l, lS, and suitable inlet and outlet connections. Aiixed to the header ISE is an interiorly disposed cylinder 88 which extends to a point in adjacency with the header E81'.

f- Nested within the cylinder |88 and affixed to the header lili is a cylinder i89, extending therefrom to a point in adjacency to the header 86. There is formed thereby the reflexed cylindrical sidebranch 96 of acoustic length 2L acoustically coupled to the main sound conducting channel ESI through the slot-like opening |92. (Jo-axially mounted within this structure is a unit similar to that shown in Fig. 11 comprising the reiexed cylindrical sidebranch 93 and the refiexed conical sidebranch lS/i. Each of these two sidebranches has an acoustic length L. Attenuation maxima occur at values of equal to .25, .50, .75, 1.0 etc. The main conducting channel i4@ is largely annular in form and has acoustically coupled to it the three reiiexed sidebranches as shown.

In Fig. 16 is shown an embodiment somewhat similar to that of Fig. 15 except that all of the sidebranches are placed in line. It comprises a cylindrical casing 200, a reiiexed cylindrical sidebranch 20i of length 2L, a reiiexed cylindrical sidebranch 202, of length L, and a reexed conical sidebranch 203 of length L. .These three sidebranches are spaced longitudinally Within the casing 200 to provide space for centrally disposed acoustically dissipative units 204, 205l as shown. These units consist of a body oi' sound absorbing material contained within a perforated metal housing. Aflixed to the inside of the casing 200 and opposite the mid-point of the units 204,

205, are annular rings 206. 201. These rings are for the purpose of directing the exhaust gas and sound inwardly toward the sound absorbing umts and to aiord closer coupling between the cylindrical sidebranches and the main sound conducting channel. The rings also increase the highfrequency attenuation in the device.

Fig. 21 shows a frequency versus attenuation curve plotted from measurements on a device in accordance with Fig. 16. It will be noted that the attenuation maxima correspond to the values given in connection with the device of Fig. 15. The various maxima are labeled with numbers which refer to the sidebranches involved, for instance the peak at 1rC is that due to the reexed cone 203. As to be expected from the theory the cone offers another attenuation region cuL --Z etc.

pending application Serial No. 14,370 and consists acoustic coupling between the sidebranches and the main channel.

The invention may also be applied to cases where a sidebranch is to be rerlexed more than once. A case where the sidebranch is reiiexed L three times is shown in Fig. 18. In this figure a casing ME contains a centrally extending main channel 246. Outside of this channel cylindrical shell 2li, 2id and 2i extend alternately from each header to a point adjacent the other, so as to leaveV4 gaps by which the successive annular portions of the refiexed sidebranch 220 are coupled together. In this, as in the other cases previously described in which cylindrical sidebranches are used, the cross sectional area of the sidebranch in its successive sections and the cross sectional areas of the coupling gaps are all kept constant. Other variants of the fundamental idea described above will become apparent in the adaptation of the invention to specic applications. I claim:

l. An acoustic'sidebranch defined by two nested located in adjacency to the closed end of the larger member but spaced therefrom so as to provide a communication between the two members.

2. An acoustic linear sidebranch defined by two nested members each closed at one end and open at the other, the open end of the smaller member being spaced from the closed end of the larger member to provide a continuous passage from the larger member into the smaller member.

3. An acoustic linear sidebranch defined by two nested members each closed at one end and open at the other, the open end of the smaller member being spaced from the closed end of the larger member to provide a continuous passage from the larger member into the smaller member of substantially the same cross sectional area'as the cross sectional area of the space within the adjacent end of the smaller member.

4. A linear acoustic sidebranch defined by two nested members each closed at one end and open at the other, the open end of the smaller member being spaced from the closed end of the larger member to provide a continuous passage fromV the larger member into the smaller member, the cross sectional areas of the two members and the spacing of the open end ofthe smaller member from the closed end of the larger member being such that the sound waves passing along the combined lengths of the two members encounter no abrupt changes in the acoustic impedance along said passage.

5. A closed acoustic sidebranch comprising al section being nested within said annular section.

v6. An acoustic sidebranch as claimed in claim `5, one end of said annular channel being acoustically coupled to a main sound conducting channel.

7. An acoustic silencing device comprising a casing having inlet and outlet openings at its ends, a cylindrical member positioned within the casing and having end closures and an intermediate circumferential opening, and a tubular casing and having end closures and an inter--x mediate circumferential opening, and a tubular member positioned within the cylindrical member with a passage at its ends into the annular space between the tubular and the cylindrical members, vthe cross nular space between the cylindrical and the tubillar members, the interior of the tubular member, and the passages at the ends of the tubular member being substantially equal, and a partition within the tubular member positioned substantially opposite the circumferential opening in the cylindrical member.

' central partition, the

9. An acoustic silencing device comprising a casing having inlet and outlet openings at its ends, a cylindrical member positioned within the casing and having end closures, a pair of circumferential openings, and a centrally disposed partition,l a pair of tubular members, one located within the cylindrical member on each side of the central partition, the tubular members each having open ends located one near an end closure of the cylindrical member and one near the cross sectional areas of the annular spaces between the vcylindrical and the tubular members, the interior of the tubular members, and the passages between the ends of the tubular members and the closures and partitions being substantially equal, and partitions located within the tubular members at points opposite the circumferential openings in the cylindrical members, said partitions and openings being asymmetrically disposed with respect to the longitudinal center of the tubular members.

10. An acoustic silencing device comprising a casing having inlet and outlet openings at its ends, a conduit extending axially through-the casing and having an intermediate circumferential opening, an intermediate tubular member located in the space between the casing and the conduit and having passages at its ends between the annular spaces inside of and outside of the member, and a partition between an intermediate portion of the tubular member and the inside of the casing.

sectional areas of the an- 11. An acoustic silencing device comprising a casing having inlet and outlet openings at its ends, a conduit extending axially through the casing and having an intermediate circumferential opening, 'an intermediate tubular member located in the space between the casing and the conduit and having passages at its ends between the annular spaces inside of and outside of the member, the cross sectional areas of said spaces and passages being substantially equal, and a partition between an intermediate portion of the tubular member and the inside of the casing.

12. An acoustic silencing device comprising a casing having inlet and outlet openings at its ends, a conduit extending axially through the casing and having a pair of spaced circumferential openings, a. central partition between the casing and the conduit, an intermediate tubular mem ber located in each space between the casing and the conduit and having passages at its ends between the annular spaces inside of and outside of said member, the cross sectional areas of said 4 spaces and passages being substantially equal, and a partition between each tubular member and the inside of the casing at a point opposite the corresponding circumferential opening in the conduit, said partitions between the tubular members and the inside of the casing and said circum- 1 ferential openings being asymmetrically located with respect to the longitudinal center of the tubular members.

13. An acoustic silencing device comprising a main sound conducting channel, an annular passage coaxial with the main sound conducting.

channel and having at one end a coupling connection with said channel extending substantially throughout the circumferential extent thereof, and a chamber coaxial with the main sound conducting channel and with said annular passage, said chamber being closed at one end and having at its other end a coupling connection with that end of the annular passage remote from the cou'- pling connection between said annular passage and the main sound conducting channel, the coupling connection between the annular passage and the chamber extending substantially throughout the circumferential extent of said passage, whereby sound waves passing from the main sound conducting channel through the annular passage and the chamber will at any point in their path be substantially in phase throughout the circumferential extent of said path.

` ROLAND B. BOURNE. 

